NASA prepares to fuel massive Artemis-1 rocket and complete full countdown rehearsal

NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with the Orion spacecraft aboard is seen atop a mobile launcher at Launch Complex 39B, Friday, March 18, 2022. Ahead of NASA’s Artemis I flight test, the fully stacked and integrated SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft will undergo a wet dress rehearsal. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani) (NASA)

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. – Launch control teams will be called to their stations Friday and begin the final test of NASA's Artemis-1 rocket before the massive vehicle can launch on a moon orbit this summer.

NASA's Space Launch System rocket and the Orion spacecraft were rolled from the KSC Vehicle Assembly Building to launchpad 39B last week. It took nearly 11 hours for the one mph roll to the pad.

The rocket and capsule are vital pieces to NASA's Artemis program to return humans to the moon by 2025. NASA is targeting this summer to launch the SLS and Orion for the first time on an uncrewed test flight known as Artemis-1. SLS will launch Orion from Kennedy Space Center during the test mission, sending the spacecraft to orbit the moon before returning to Earth.

Now, teams are preparing the rocket for a final test known as the wet dress rehearsal (WDR), which involves loading the rocket with fuel and practicing the complete countdown to work out any issues before the bird leaves the pad.

A WET DRESS REHEARSAL FOR A ROCKET? NASA PREPARES ARTEMIS-1 FOR FINAL TEST

While the bulk of the test is happening on April 3, Launch Director Charlie Blackwell-Thompson said it really takes about two days because 700,000 gallons of super cold, or cryogenic, fuel needs to be loaded into the rocket.

The Space Launch System Artemis-1 rocket inside the Vehicle Assembly building at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. (Image: NASA) (NASA)

The Artemis-1 mission rocket rolls slowly to launchpad 39B at Kennedy Space Center on March 17, 2022. ( )

The Artemis-1 mission rocket rolls slowly to launchpad 39B at Kennedy Space Center on March 17, 2022. (Image: Emilee Speck/FOX Weather) ( )

Artemis-1, the Space Launch System and Orion, emerge from the VAB at Kennedy Space Center, Florida. (Image: Emilee Speck/FOX Weather) ( )

NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with the Orion spacecraft aboard is seen atop a mobile launcher at Launch Complex 39B, Friday, March 18, 2022, after being rolled out to the launch pad for the first time at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Ahead of NASA’s Artemis I flight test, the fully stacked and integrated SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft will undergo a wet dress rehearsal at Launch Complex 39B to verify systems and practice countdown procedures for the first launch. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani) (NASA)

The Moon is seen rising behind NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with the Orion spacecraft aboard atop a mobile launcher as it rolls out to Launch Complex 39B for the first time, Thursday, March 17, 2022, at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Ahead of NASA’s Artemis I flight test, the fully stacked and integrated SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft will undergo a wet dress rehearsal at Launch Complex 39B to verify systems and practice countdown procedures for the first launch. Photo Credit: (NASA/Aubrey Gemignani) ( )

The Orion spacecraft for NASA’s Artemis I mission, fully assembled with its launch abort system, is lifted above the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket in High Bay 3 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Oct. 20, 2021. The stacking of Orion on top of the SLS completes assembly for the Artemis I flight test. Teams will begin conducting a series of verification tests ahead of rolling out to Launch Complex 39B for the Wet Dress Rehearsal. Artemis I will be an uncrewed test flight of the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System rocket as an integrated system ahead of crewed flights to the Moon. Under Artemis, NASA aims to land the first woman and first person of color on the Moon and establish sustainable lunar exploration. (NASA/Frank Michaux)

"It emulates our launch countdown and really begins on the first day with power-up of the elements and the beginning of some configuration of those and preparing for cryo-load somewhere around L-minus 38 hours or so," Blackwell-Thompson said.

The SLS core and upper stage will be filled with liquid hydrogen at negative 450 degrees Fahrenheit and liquid oxygen at negative 273 degrees.

NASA's deputy associate administrator for common exploration systems development, Tom Whitmeyer, said tanking a 322-foot rocket is an interesting process. The last time NASA fueled something close to the scale of SLS was during the space shuttle program a decade ago.

"It's like watching a ballet, you know, you've got pressure, volume and temperature, and you're really kind of working all those parameters to have a successful tanking operation," Whitmeyer said.

After fueling is complete, the launch team will work through the countdown to a T-minus 10 minute hold, conduct final polling, and then pick up the countdown again.

NASA'S MEGA MOON ROCKET ROLLS 'SLOW AND STEADY' TO KENNEDY SPACE CENTER LAUNCHPAD

The wet dress rehearsal will also allow teams to practice for launch holds. Several planned holds in the test will stop the countdown then recycle to T-minus 10 minutes.

The test will end at T-minus 10 seconds, and the rocket will stay firmly on Earth. Afterward, all the super-cold fuel will be de-tanked from the rocket.

The forecast also comes into play for the WDR. Blackwell-Thompson said lightning chances must be less than 20 percent within five miles of the launchpad to begin the test. Wind constraints are 37. 5 knots, and the temperature must be above 41 degrees.

"I think we're going to be OK on the temperature. And I think we're going to be OK on the winds, just looking at the forecast," she said. "We'll keep our eye on any thunderstorms that might be in the area."

If the test goes well, NASA managers said they expect to be able to set the Artemis-1 launch date.